Weak transitions have a prominent role in optical clock devices and fundamental physics tests but are challenging to resolve due to the unfavourable scaling of the cross section with transition strengths. Here, the authors demonstrate enhanced cross sections due to beyond single-photon excitations in He atoms, facilitating applications in precision spectroscopy.

An atomic-level understanding of the nano-crystalline structure of calcium aluminate silicate hydrate is still missing. Here, the authors develop an automatic structure generation program to gain insights on the composition, structure, and mechanical properties of C-A-S-H.

An equitable low-carbon energy transition will require increased investments in renewable energy and transmission alongside more informed infrastructure system planning. With low renewable investments, equity can be improved, but at the cost of higher emissions and electricity supply curtailments.

AI applications on mobile devices are constrained by the high resource demands of large models. Here, the authors developed an efficient on-device multimodal embedding system.

Bacterial attachment on implanted medical devices depends on surface topography. Here, the authors screen combinatorially generated shapes embossed into polymers to investigate topographical control of bacterial responses to surfaces.

Formation and metasomatism of the Moon’s primary crust constrained by experimentally determined partition coefficients for chlorine coupled with models of the evolution of the lunar interior.

The study shows that weakened return-flow of Atlantic Water in the northern Barents Sea is linked to reduced sea ice, highlighting an overlooked oceanic driver of long-term and year-to-year sea ice loss.

This study provides reduced uncertainties in future global mean and regional precipitation changes by combining emergent constraints based on both historical mean temperature and extreme precipitation.

The supraglacial meltwater ponds of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, analogues for proposed Cryogenian period eukaryotic refugia, are shown to host diverse and varied eukaryotic communities.

Disadvantaged communities in the U.S. have far fewer public EV chargers and face more reliability issues. This study highlights critical equity gaps and the need for targeted investments in EV infrastructure to support a just, clean energy transition.

Phytochrome photoreceptors are master regulators of plant development. This paper describes 3D structures of soybean phytochrome A in both Pr (inactive) and Pfr (signalling) states, revealing changes that might transmit the light signal to the cell.

Iron has been shown to be necessary for the activation and differentiation of CD8⁺ T cells. Here the authors investigate changes in CD8⁺ T cell metabolism in iron limiting conditions and find that aspartate is increased yet downstream nucleotide synthesis is suppressed and addition of exogenous aspartate partially rescues T cell function.

Understanding the dynamics of how drug resistance originates in cancer remains crucial, but it is not possible to observe them directly. Here, the authors construct a mathematical framework to infer drug resistance dynamics in cancer using lineage tracing and population size data, which is confirmed with experimental evidence and single-cell sequencing.

This study shows that early treatment with baloxavir marboxil is effective against the bovine H5N1 influenza virus, but delayed treatment significantly reduces its effectiveness and increases the risk of emergence of resistant viruses.

The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. Here, by elucidating the developmental signals involved in ureteral progenitors, the authors create ureteral organoids using mouse and human pluripotent stem cells.

Understanding the dynamics of how drug resistance originates in cancer remains crucial, but it is not possible to observe them directly. Here, the authors construct a mathematical framework to infer drug resistance dynamics in cancer using lineage tracing and population size data, which is confirmed with experimental evidence and single-cell sequencing.

Some brain lesions recover in multiple sclerosis, while others do not; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that microglia-derived TGFα orchestrates immune control and tissue repair, and that intranasal delivery of TGFα in the autoimmune encephalomyelitis model promotes lesion resolution.

While switch-like expression (“on” in some individuals and “off” in others) has been linked to biological variation and disease susceptibility, a systematic analysis across tissues is lacking. Here, we analyze genomes, transcriptomes, and methylomes from 943 individuals across 27 tissues, identifying 473 switch-like genes. The identified switch-like genes are enriched for associations with cancers and immune, metabolic, and skin diseases. Only 40 (8.5%) switch-like genes show genetically hardwired on-versus-off expression in all tissues analyzed, i.e., universally switch-like expression. The remaining switch-like genes show on versus off expression only in specific tissues. Methylation analysis suggests that genetically driven epigenetic silencing explains the universal pattern, whereas hormone-driven epigenetic modification may underlie tissue-specific switch-like gene expression. Notably, tissue-specific switch-like genes tend to be switched on or off in unison within individuals, driven by tissue-specific master regulators. In the vagina, we identified seven concordantly switched off genes linked to vaginal atrophy. Experimental analysis of vaginal tissues shows that low estrogen levels lead to a decreased epithelial thickness and ALOX12 expression. We propose a model wherein switched off driver genes in basal and parabasal epithelia suppress cell proliferation, leading to epithelial thinning and vaginal atrophy. Our findings underscore the implications of switch-like genes for diagnostic and personalized therapeutic applications.

This nationwide study finds that the heritability of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes has remained stable in Sweden over the last 30 years and environmental factors assessed do not appear to be the key driving factors of the rise in type 1 diabetes.

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a severe brain disorder caused by autoantibodies that trigger NMDA receptor loss. Here, the authors show that ART5803, a monovalent antibody, blocks this process and restores function in cell and primate models.

AI applications on mobile devices are constrained by the high resource demands of large models. Here, the authors developed an efficient on-device multimodal embedding system.

This study examines cost reductions, volumes, & vectors of green energy imports to Europe, showing diminishing returns at higher volumes and a preference for methanol, steel and hydrogen imports.

Using subnational Demographic and Health Survey data from 75 low and middle-income countries, the authors show that many households lack access to decent living standards as basic prerequisites for human well-being. Major inequalities exist within and across countries and by socio-economic backgrounds.

Infants and toddlers respond to uncertain situations by seeking information. Here, the authors show that 2-year-olds’ information seeking indicated by visual exploration is associated with their subjective uncertainty about their memory decisions at age 3.

The authors develop a framework for understanding partner similarity with updated definitions of key terms. Social homogamy appears important for partner similarity in education, with consequences for intergenerational transmission.